Validation of a Reduced Set of High-Performance Triggers for Identifying Patient Safety Incidents with Harm in Primary Care: TriggerPrim Project.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to construct and validate a reduced set of high-performance triggers for identifying adverse events (AEs) via electronic medical records (EMRs) review in primary care (PC). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study for validating a diagnostic test. The study included all 262 PC centers of Madrid region (Spain). Patients were older than 18 years who attended their PC center over the last quarter of 2018. The randomized sample was n = 1797. Main measurements were as follows: ( a ) presence of each of 19 specific computer-identified triggers in the EMR and ( b ) occurrence of an AE. To collect data, EMR review was conducted by 3 doctor-nurse teams. Triggers with statistically significant odds ratios for identifying AEs were selected for the final set after adjusting for age and sex using logistic regression. RESULTS: The sensitivity (SS) and specificity (SP) for the selected triggers were: ≥3 appointments in a week at the PC center (SS = 32.3% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 22.8%-41.8%]; SP = 92.8% [95% CI, 91.6%-94.0%]); hospital admission (SS = 19.4% [95% CI, 11.4%-27.4%]; SP = 97.2% [95% CI, 96.4%-98.0%]); hospital emergency department visit (SS = 31.2% [95% CI, 21.8%-40.6%]; SP = 90.8% [95% CI, 89.4%-92.2%]); major opioids prescription (SS = 2.2% [95% CI, 0.0%-5.2%]; SP = 99.8% [95% CI, 99.6%-100%]); and chronic benzodiazepine treatment in patients 75 years or older (SS = 14.0% [95% CI, 6.9%-21.1%]; SP = 95.5% [95% CI, 94.5%-96.5%]).The following values were obtained in the validation of this trigger set (the occurrence of at least one of these triggers in the EMR): SS = 60.2% (95% CI, 50.2%-70.1%), SP = 80.8% (95% CI, 78.8%-82.6%), positive predictive value = 14.6% (95% CI, 11.0%-18.1%), negative predictive value = 97.4% (95% CI, 96.5%-98.2%), positive likelihood ratio = 3.13 (95% CI, 2.3-4.2), and negative likelihood ratio = 0.49 (95% CI, 0.3-0.7). CONCLUSIONS: The set containing the 5 selected triggers almost triples the efficiency of EMR review in detecting AEs. This suggests that this set is easily implementable and of great utility in risk-management practice.

Is primary care a patient-safe setting? Prevalence, severity, nature, and causes of adverse events: numerous and mostly avoidable.

Knowing the frequency and characteristics of adverse events (AEs) is key to implementing actions that can prevent their occurrence. However, reporting systems are insufficient for this purpose and epidemiological studies are also required. Currently, the reviewing of clinical records is the gold standard method for knowing the frequency and characteristics of AEs. Research on AEs in a primary care setting has been limited and primarily focuses on specific types of events (medication errors, etc.) or patients. Large studies that search for any kind of AE in all patients are scarce. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AEs in the primary care setting and their characteristics. SETTING: all 262 primary health-care centres in the Madrid region (Spain) during the last quarter of 2018. DESIGN: cross-sectional descriptive study. Eligible population: subjects over 18 years of age who attended medical consultation over the last year (N = 2 743 719); a randomized sample stratified by age. MAIN OUTCOMES: age, sex, occurrence of an AE, number of consultations in the study period, avoidability, severity, place of occurrence, type of event, and contributory factors. The clinical records were reviewed by three teams, each composed of one doctor and one nurse trained and with expertise in patient safety. The SPSS software package (version 26) was used for the statistical analyses. The evaluators reviewed 1797 clinical records. The prevalence of AEs over the study period was 5.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.0%‒6.0%], with higher values in women (5.7%; 95% CI: 4.6%‒6.8%;P = 0.10) and patients over 75 years of age (10.3%; 95% CI: 8.9%‒11.7%; P < 0.001). The overall occurrence per hundred consultations was estimated to be 1.58% (95% CI: 1.28%‒1.94%). Of the detected AEs, 71.3% (95% CI: 62.1%‒80.5%) were avoidable. Additionally, 60.6% (95% CI: 50.7%‒70.5%) were categorized as mild, 31.9% (95% CI: 22.4%‒41.4%) as moderate, and 7.4% (95% CI: 2.1%‒12.7%) as severe. Primary care was the occurrence setting in 76.6% (95% CI: 68.0%‒85.2%) of cases. The overall incidence of AEs related to medication was 53.2% (95% CI: 50.9%‒55.5%). The most frequent types of AEs were prescription errors (28.7%; 95% CI: 19.5%‒37.9%), followed by drug administration errors by patients (17.0%; 95% CI: 9.4%‒24.6%), and clinical assessment errors (11.7%; 95% CI: 5.2%‒18.2%). The most common contributory factors were those related to the patient (80.6%; 95% CI: 71.1%‒90.1%) and tasks (59.7%; 95% CI: 48.0%‒71.4%). A high prevalence of AEs (1 in 66 consultations) was observed, which was slightly higher than that reported in similar studies. About 3 out of 4 such events were considered to be avoidable and 1 out of 13 was severe. Prescription errors, drug administration errors by patients, and clinical assessment errors were the most frequent types of AEs. Graphical Abstract.

Análisis descriptivo de los errores de medicación notificados en atención primaria: aprendiendo de nuestros errores / Descriptive analysis of medication errors notified by Primary Health Care: Learning from errors

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente estudio es describir los errores de medicación (EM) notificados en atención primaria analizando el ámbito, el daño y las causas, y orientando el análisis a las medidas para prevenir estos errores. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Ámbito: Atención primaria. Servicio Madrileño de Salud. 2016. DISEÑO: Estudio descriptivo transversal. PARTICIPANTES: Todas las notificaciones de EM realizadas desde los centros de salud en el sistema de notificación de incidentes de seguridad entre el 1 de enero y el 17 de noviembre de 2016 (n = 1.839). Mediciones principales: Ámbito donde ocurrió el error, daño real, daño potencial y causa del error. Fueron clasificadas por un investigador. Se comprobó la concordancia con otro investigador. RESULTADOS: En el ámbito del centro de salud ocurrieron el 47% (IC95%: 44,8-49,3%) de los EM y en el entorno del paciente el 26,5% (IC95%: 24,5-28,6%). El 27,5% (IC95%: 24,1-30,8%) de los EM tenían potencialidad de daño grave. En el ámbito del centro de salud, la causa más frecuente fue la prescripción inadecuada: 27,4% (IC95%: 24,4-30,4%). En el entorno del paciente, la causa más frecuente fue el fallo en la comunicación profesional-paciente: 66% (IC95%: 61,8-70,2%), seguida por equivocaciones y despistes del paciente. CONCLUSIONES: La mitad de los errores de medicación notificados desde atención primaria tiene lugar en el centro de salud mientras que los EM del paciente son la cuarta parte. Uno de cada 4 es un error potencialmente grave. Las causas más importantes son la prescripción inadecuada (incluyendo indicación o dosis incorrecta, interacciones, contraindicaciones y alergias), los fallos en la comunicación profesional-paciente y los despistes en la autoadministración del paciente. Parece prioritario implantar sistemas de ayuda a la prescripción, prácticas seguras efectivas en comunicación profesional-paciente y ayudas que eviten los despistes en la autoadministración del paciente

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Aim of this study is to determine the setting, causes, and the harm of medication errors (ME) which are notified by Primary Health Care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: SETTING: Primary Care Regional Health Service of Madrid. 2016. DESIGN: Descriptive and cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: All ME (1,839) which were notified by Primary Care Centres by notification system of safety incidents between January 1st 2016 and November 17th 2016. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Setting, real harm, potential harm, and cause of error. These items were classified by one researcher. Concordance was checked with another researcher. RESULTS: Just under half (47%) (95% CI: 44.8%-49.3%) of ME occurred in Primary Care Centre, 26.5% (95% CI: 24.5%-28.6%) of ME were patient medication errors, and 27.5% (95% CI: 24.1%-30.8%) of ME were potential severe harm errors. Prescribing errors were the cause of most ME in Primary Care Centre [27.4% (95% CI: 24.4%-30.4%)]. Communication between patients and doctors were the cause of most patient medication errors [66% (95% CI: 61.8%-70.2%)]. Patient mistakes and forgetfulness were also causes of patient medication errors. CONCLUSIONS: Half of all mediation errors hppened at Primary Care Center while one quarter of them were patient medication errors. One quarter of all ME were potential severe harm errors. The main causes were prescribing errors, failure of communication between patients and doctors, and patient mistakes and forgetfulness. Prescribing aid systems, communication improvements and patients aids should be implemented

[Descriptive analysis of medication errors notified by Primary Health Care: Learning from errors]. / Análisis descriptivo de los errores de medicación notificados en atención primaria: aprendiendo de nuestros errores.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Aim of this study is to determine the setting, causes, and the harm of medication errors (ME) which are notified by Primary Health Care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Setting: Primary Care Regional Health Service of Madrid. 2016. DESIGN: Descriptive and cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: All ME (1,839) which were notified by Primary Care Centres by notification system of safety incidents between January 1st 2016 and November 17th 2016. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Setting, real harm, potential harm, and cause of error. These items were classified by one researcher. Concordance was checked with another researcher. RESULTS: Just under half (47%) (95% CI: 44.8%-49.3%) of ME occurred in Primary Care Centre, 26.5% (95% CI: 24.5%-28.6%) of ME were patient medication errors, and 27.5% (95% CI: 24.1%-30.8%) of ME were potential severe harm errors. Prescribing errors were the cause of most ME in Primary Care Centre [27.4% (95% CI: 24.4%-30.4%)]. Communication between patients and doctors were the cause of most patient medication errors [66% (95% CI: 61.8%-70.2%)]. Patient mistakes and forgetfulness were also causes of patient medication errors. CONCLUSIONS: Half of all mediation errors hppened at Primary Care Center while one quarter of them were patient medication errors. One quarter of all ME were potential severe harm errors. The main causes were prescribing errors, failure of communication between patients and doctors, and patient mistakes and forgetfulness. Prescribing aid systems, communication improvements and patients aids should be implemented.

Tendencias sobre los parámetros del grado de control de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 desde el año 2010 al año 2015 / Trends in the level of control of patients with type 2 diabetes from 2010 to 2015

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo examinar la tendencia del grado de control de hemoglobina glucada (HbA1c), tensión arterial (TA) y colesterol LDL (c-LDL) en el paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 entre los años 2010 y 2015. MÉTODOS: Ámbito: 3 cortes en los años 2010, 2013 y 2015. Zona sureste del municipio y la comunidad de Madrid. DISEÑO: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo y transversal. PARTICIPANTES: Pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 diagnosticada y registrada; n = 41.096 (2010), n = 49.658 (2013), n = 6.674 (2015). Mediciones principales: Medición o no en el último año de HbA1c, TA y c-LDL. Control o no de HbA1c ( < 7% individualizando objetivo), TA ( < 140/90mmHg) y c-LDL ( < 100mg/dl; si enfermedad cardiovascular < 70mg/dl). Los datos se recogieron de registros de la historia clínica electrónica. Se utilizó el test de Chi-cuadrado. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de pacientes con medición de cada parámetro en 2010, 2013 y 2015 fue el siguiente. HbA1c: 36,4; 37; 62% (p < 0,001); TA: 33,2; 43,3; 65% (p < 0,001); c-LDL: 32,9; 33,2; 43,5% (p < 0,001). El porcentaje de pacientes con cada parámetro medido y controlado en 2010, 2013 y 2015 fue el siguiente. HbA1c: 59,6; 59,1; 79,6% (p < 0,001); TA: 74,9; 67,4; 79,2% (p < 0,001); c-LDL: 41,8; 58,3; 58,8% (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: En el período 2010-2015 se observó una tendencia mantenida, pero insuficiente de mejor control de HbA1c, TA y c-LDL en pacientes con diabetes. Mejoró más la frecuencia de las mediciones de estos parámetros que el control de las cifras. Parece que los esfuerzos dedicados a la mejora de la atención al paciente con diabetes dan sus frutos, pero aún deben mantenerse

INTRODUCTION: AIM: To examine the trend in the level of control of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), and LDL-cholesterol (LDL) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus between 2010 and 2015. METHODS: SETTING: 3 cut-offs in the years 2010, 2013, and 2015. Southeast area of Madrid. DESIGN: Descriptive and cross-sectional epidemiological study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients diagnosed and registered with type 2 diabetes. N=41,096 (2010), n=49,658 (2013), n=6,674 (2015). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Measurement or not in the last year of HbA1c, BP, and LDL. Control of HbA1c (<7% individual targeting), BP (<140/90mmHg), and LDL (<100mg/dL, if cardiovascular disease <70mg/dL). Data were collected from electronic records of clinical history. The Chi-square test was used. RESULTS: The percentages of patients with each parameter measured in 2010, 2013 and 2015 were: HbA1c: 36.4%, 37.0%, 62.0% (P<.001); BP: 33.2%, 43.3%, 65.0% (P<.001); LDL: 32.9%, 33.2%, 43.5% (P<.001).The percentages of patients with each parameter measured and controlled in 2010, 2013, and 2015 were: HbA1c: 59.6%, 59.1%, 79.6% (P<.001); BP: 74.9%, 67.4%, 79.2% (P<.001); LDL: 41.8%, 58.3%, 58.8% (P<.001). CONCLUSION: In the 2010-2015 period, a sustained but insufficient trend of better control of HbA1c, BP and LDL was observed in patients with diabetes. The frequency of the measurements of these parameters improved more than the control of them. It seems that efforts to improve care for the patient with diabetes pay off, but they still have to be maintained

[Trends in the level of control of patients with type 2 diabetes from 2010 to 2015]. / Tendencias sobre los parámetros del grado de control de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 desde el año 2010 al año 2015.

INTRODUCTION: Aim: To examine the trend in the level of control of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), and LDL-cholesterol (LDL) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus between 2010 and 2015. METHODS: Setting: 3 cut-offs in the years 2010, 2013, and 2015. Southeast area of Madrid. DESIGN: Descriptive and cross-sectional epidemiological study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients diagnosed and registered with type 2 diabetes. N=41,096 (2010), n=49,658 (2013), n=6,674 (2015) MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Measurement or not in the last year of HbA1c, BP, and LDL. Control of HbA1c (<7% individual targeting), BP (<140/90mmHg), and LDL (<100mg/dL, if cardiovascular disease <70mg/dL). Data were collected from electronic records of clinical history. The Chi-square test was used. RESULTS: The percentages of patients with each parameter measured in 2010, 2013 and 2015 were: HbA1c: 36.4%, 37.0%, 62.0% (P<.001); BP: 33.2%, 43.3%, 65.0% (P<.001); LDL: 32.9%, 33.2%, 43.5% (P<.001). The percentages of patients with each parameter measured and controlled in 2010, 2013, and 2015 were: HbA1c: 59.6%, 59.1%, 79.6% (P<.001); BP: 74.9%, 67.4%, 79.2% (P<.001); LDL: 41.8%, 58.3%, 58.8% (P<.001) CONCLUSION: In the 2010-2015 period, a sustained but insufficient trend of better control of HbA1c, BP and LDL was observed in patients with diabetes. The frequency of the measurements of these parameters improved more than the control of them. It seems that efforts to improve care for the patient with diabetes pay off, but they still have to be maintained.

Evaluación sobre historia clínica electrónica. Asociación entre indicadores de proceso medidos sobre historia electrónica y resultados intermedios en salud, en pacientes con hipertensión / Assessment of electronic medical records. Relationship between process indicators measured using electronic records and intermediate health outcomes in patients with hypertension

Objetivo: Determinar, en pacientes con hipertensión, si la medición sobre historia electrónica de cada indicador de proceso del Sermas, se asocia a resultados intermedios en salud. Diseño: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo transversal. Emplazamiento: Área 1 de Atención Primaria de Madrid. 2010. Participantes: Todos los pacientes del Área con hipertensión. n=80.306. Mediciones principales: Variables independientes. Indicadores institucionales de proceso (Cartera de Servicios). Dependientes. Resultados intermedios: cifras controladas de tensión arterial (TA), LDL, y peso, no consumo de tabaco y detección de complicaciones. Potencialmente confusoras. Edad y sexo, comorbilidad, fármacos y variables del profesional. Resultados: El 55,1% (ES 0,2%) tenía cifras controladas de TA. En el análisis bivariante y multivariante mediante regresión logística, el registro de algunos indicadores de proceso se asoció con un aumento, en general moderado, de la probabilidad de alcanzar resultados intermedios: consejo tabaco (OR: 1,69; IC95%: 1,61-1,77), revisión antecedentes (OR: 1,54; IC95%: 1,42-1,68), medición TA (OR: 1,19; IC95%: 1,14-1,25), iones (OR: 1,14; IC95%: 1,09-1,19), IMC (OR: 1,08; IC95%: 1,04-1,12); también medición de glucemia, edemas y creatinina pero con sesgo temporal. En otros indicadores no se encontró asociación (intervenciones en estilo de vida, antecedentes familiares, clasificación, orina, revisión tratamiento farmacológico, LDL, EKG y auscultación cardiaca)(AU)

Conclusiones: En hipertensión, se encontró asociación entre algunos indicadores de proceso del Sermas, medidos sobre historia electrónica, y un aumento moderado de la probabilidad de alcanzar resultados intermedios en salud. Parece recomendable integrar en la cartera de servicios la medición de resultados e incorporar otras intervenciones de impacto, priorizar mejoras en indicadores de baja realización y alto impacto y eliminar o modificar sustancialmente indicadores sin asociación con resultados(AU)

Objective: To study relationship between institutional process indicators (measured using electronic records) and intermediate outcomes of patients with hypertension. Design: Cross-sectional epidemiological study. Setting: Primary Care Health District 1. Madrid. 2010.PatientsAll patients with hypertension. n=80,306. Main measurements: Variables. Independent. Institutional process indicators. Dependent. Intermediate outcomes: blood pressure within target limits, LDL-cholesterol, tobacco and weight and detected complications. Confounding. Age, gender, co-morbidity, drugs and professional variables. Results: The BP of 55.1% (SE 0.2%) of patients was within target limits. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression showed that the recording of some process indicators was associated with an increase in the probability to achieve targets in intermediate outcomes: smoking advice (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.61 - 1.77), reviewing personal history (OR: 1.54, 95% CI:1.42-1.68), increase was less or biased: BP (OR: 1.19, 95% CI:1.14-1.25), sodium and potassium (OR: 1.14, 95% CI:1.09-1.19), BMI (OR 1.08, 95% CI:1.04-1.12); also diabetes, edema, and creatinine, but there was timing bias. The relationship between other indicators (those oriented to lifestyle, family history, classification, urine examination, reviewing of drug therapy, LDL, electrocardiogram and cardiac auscultation) and a higher probability to achieve targets was not found(AU)

Conclusions: In hypertension, some institutional process indicators measured on electronic records were associated with an increase in the probability to achieve targets in intermediate outcomes. No relationship was found between other indicators. This suggests maintaining process and outcome measurement, to include the impact of interventions, to prioritize improvements in process indicators that show low performance and high impact and to remove or to change process indicators where no relationship is found(AU)

[Assessment of electronic medical records. Relationship between process indicators measured using electronic records and intermediate health outcomes in patients with hypertension]. / Evaluación sobre historia clínica electrónica. Asociación entre indicadores de proceso medidos sobre historia electrónica y resultados intermedios en salud, en pacientes con hipertensión.

OBJECTIVE: To study relationship between institutional process indicators (measured using electronic records) and intermediate outcomes of patients with hypertension. DESIGN: Cross-sectional epidemiological study. SETTING: Primary Care Health District 1. Madrid. 2010. PATIENTS: All patients with hypertension. n=80,306. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Variables. Independent. Institutional process indicators. Dependent. Intermediate outcomes: blood pressure within target limits, LDL-cholesterol, tobacco and weight and detected complications. Confounding. Age, gender, co-morbidity, drugs and professional variables. RESULTS: The BP of 55.1% (SE 0.2%) of patients was within target limits. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression showed that the recording of some process indicators was associated with an increase in the probability to achieve targets in intermediate outcomes: smoking advice (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.61 - 1.77), reviewing personal history (OR: 1.54, 95% CI:1.42-1.68), increase was less or biased: BP (OR: 1.19, 95% CI:1.14-1.25), sodium and potassium (OR: 1.14, 95% CI:1.09-1.19), BMI (OR 1.08, 95% CI:1.04-1.12); also diabetes, edema, and creatinine, but there was timing bias. The relationship between other indicators (those oriented to lifestyle, family history, classification, urine examination, reviewing of drug therapy, LDL, electrocardiogram and cardiac auscultation) and a higher probability to achieve targets was not found. CONCLUSIONS: In hypertension, some institutional process indicators measured on electronic records were associated with an increase in the probability to achieve targets in intermediate outcomes. No relationship was found between other indicators. This suggests maintaining process and outcome measurement, to include the impact of interventions, to prioritize improvements in process indicators that show low performance and high impact and to remove or to change process indicators where no relationship is found.

¿Qué se puede hacer en un área sanitaria para mejorar el control del gasto farmacéutico? / What can be done in a health care area to improve the control of drug costs?

El presente trabajo describe las actividades realizadas en el control del gasto farmacéutico en un área sanitaria (área 2 de Madrid). Se plantearon tres líneas de trabajo: a) definir sobre qué grupos de medicación actuar en función de su impacto económico, b) definir con qué intervenciones actuar en función de la evidencia existente y aplicarlas y c) iniciar un proceso de gestión del cambio, detectando resistencias y dificultades. Para la primera línea se plantearon alternativas, basándose en la evidencia, para los fármacos más prescritos, determinándose la parte del gasto que se habría evitado en el caso de aplicar la alternativa. En varios grupos de medicamentos se precisó realizar estudios de utilización. En la segunda línea de trabajo se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y una valoración crítica de la evidencia hallada. Para la tercera línea se formó un grupo de representantes de cada equipo de Atención Primaria (EAP) y se realizaron entrevistas a los líderes clínicos de los EAP. Resultados: a) Fármacos sobre los que actuar. Se seleccionaron los siguientes cambios (todos se refieren a aquellas situaciones en que el cambio está indicado): inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina (IECA) y antagonistas del calcio (ACA) por diuréticos, antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II (ARA II) por IECA, retirar hipolipemiantes, hipolipemiantes por lovastatina en prevención primaria, antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) nuevos por AINE clásicos y uso de Especialidades Farmacéuticas Genéricas (EFG). b) Intervenciones que utilizar. Se encontraron 5 intervenciones en las que la evidencia sugería su utilización: entrevistas cara a cara, información de retorno, incentivos económicos, presupuestación individual y sesiones y visitas al EAP. c) Resistencias esperables, Se identificaron varios resistencias: vivencia de las entrevistas cara a cara como llamadas de atención, resistencia a cambio a medicamentos de menor coste y no mayor utilidad, así como la prescripción inducida por atención especializada

This paper describes the activities performed in control o f drug cost in a Health Core Area (Area 2 of Madrid). It establishes three work lines: a) define what group o f medications to act on based on their financial impact, b) define what interventions to use on based on the existing evidence and apply them and c) initiate a management process o f change, detecting resistances and diffculties. For the first line, alternative are established, based on evidence, for the drugs prescribed most and the port o f the cost that would have been avoided in case o f applying the alternative is determined. It was necessary to perform usage studies in several drug groups. In the second work line, a bibliographic review was performed and a critical assessment o f the evidence found. For the third line, a group o f representatives o f each primary health core team (PHCT) was formed and interviews were given to the clinical leaders o f the PHCTs. Results. a) Drugs on which to act. The following changes were chosen (all refer to those situations in which the change is indicated):ACEls and calcium antagonists to diuretics, ARA II to ACEls, Withdraw lipid lowering drugs, Lipid lowering drugs to lovastatin in primary prevention, new NSAIDs to classical NSAIDs, GMP b) Interventions to be used. Five interventions in which the evidence suggested their use were found head to head interviews, feedback, financial incentives, individual budgeting and sessions and visits to the PCHT c) Expectable resistances. Several resistances were identified experience o f the head to head interviews as calls o f attention, resistance to change to drugs having lower cost and not greater utility and specialized cure induced prescription

¿Contratar más suplentes puede ser una herramienta para mejorar la racionalidad de la prescripción? / Can taking on more locums be a tool to make prescription more rational?

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